【英文标准名称】:StandardGuideforSelectionofTime-TemperatureIndicators
【原文标准名称】:时间.温度指示器的选择的标准指南
【标准号】:ASTMF1416-1996(2008)
【标准状态】:现行
【国别】:美国
【发布日期】:1996
【实施或试行日期】:
【发布单位】:美国材料与试验协会(US-ASTM)
【起草单位】:F02.15
【标准类型】:(Guide)
【标准水平】:()
【中文主题词】:
【英文主题词】:selection;time-temperature;indicators;Effectiveaveragetemperature;Shelflife;Temperaturetests;Time-temperatureindicators(TTI)
【摘要】:Expirationdatesareoftenmarkedonthepackagesofperishableproductstoindicatethepresumedendoftheirshelflives.Sincetheshelflivesofmostperishableproductsaretemperaturedependent,theexpirationdateisdeterminedbyassumingtheproductwillbekeptwithinaprescribedtemperaturerangeforitsentirelife.Aproblemwiththismethodisthatthereisnowaytodetermineiftheshelflifeofaproducthasbeenshortenedbyexposuretoahighertemperature.Atime-temperatureindicatorsolvesthisproblemwhenattachedtothepackagebecauseitreachesitsendpointsoonerwhenexposedtoahighertemperature.Inordertodirectlyindicatetheendoftheshelflife,thetime-temperatureindicatorcharacteristicsshouldbematchedascloselyaspossibletothequalitycharacteristicsoftheproduct.Whenkeptatthestandardstoragetemperaturefortheproduct,theindicatorshouldreachitsendpointatthesametimeastheproduct''sshelflife.Inaddition,todeterminetheaccuracyofthematchatothertemperatures,thechangeofshelflifewithtemperatureshouldbeknownforboththeproductandtheindicator.TheArrheniusrelationshipisacommonandconvenientmethodofdescribingthechangeofshelflifewithtemperature.Incaseswhereitisnotapplicable,individualtime-temperaturepointsfortheproductmaybeestablishedandanapproximatecorrelationwiththeTTIobtained.Whenattachedtothepackageofaperishableproduct,atime-temperatureindicatormaysupplement,orinsomecasesreplace,theexpirationdatecode.TheadditionofaTTIprovidesagreaterlevelofconfidencethattheperishableproductiswithinitsshelflifebecauseitrespondstotheactualtemperatureconditionstowhichtheproducthasbeenexposed.Inthecaseofminimallyprocessedrefrigeratedfoods,therapidgrowthofpathogenicbacteriaatelevatedtemperaturesmayposeaserioushealthhazardevenbeforethedeteriorationofthequalityoftheproductbecomesapparenttotheconsumer.Inthiscase,anexpirationdatemaybeusedforstorageatthestandardtemperature,whileathreshold-temperatureTTIisusedtoindicatetheexposuretotemperaturesatwhichgrowthbecomesmeasurable.Itisalsopossibletouseadual-functionTTI,inwhichcasethestandardTTIwouldindicatetheshelflifeatthecorrectstoragetemperaturewhilethethreshold-temperaturepartwouldindicatetheexposuretohighertemperatures.1.1Thisguidecoversinformationontheselectionofcommerciallyavailabletime-temperatureindicators(TTIs)fornoninvasiveexternalpackageuseonperishableproducts,suchasfoodandpharmaceuticals.Whenattachedtothepackageofaperishableproduct,TTIsareusedtomeasurethecombinedtimeandtemperaturehistoryoftheproductinordertopredicttheremainingshelflifeoftheproductortosignaltheendofitsusableshelflife.Itistheresponsibilityoftheprocessoroftheperishableproducttodeterminetheshelflifeofaproductattheappropriatetemperaturesandtoconsultwiththeindicatormanufacturertoselecttheavailableindicatorwhichmostcloselymatchesthequalityoftheproductasafunctionoftimeandtemperature.Note18212;Besidestime-temperatureindicator,TTIisalsoanabbreviationfortime-temperaturemonitorandtime-temperatureintegrator.1.2Time-temperatureindicatorsmaybeintegratedintoaHazardAnalysisandCriticalControlPoint(HACCP)plan.Appropriateinstructionsshouldbeestablishedforhandlingproductsforwhicheithertheindicatorhassignaledtheendofusableshelflifeortheshelflifeoftheproductatitsnormalstoragetemperaturehasbeenreached.1.3Thisstandarddoesnotpurporttoaddressallofthesafetyconcerns,......
【中国标准分类号】:N11
【国际标准分类号】:17_080
【页数】:4P.;A4
【正文语种】:英语


【英文标准名称】:Measurementandcontrol;electricaltemperaturesensors;straightthermometerswithinterchangeablesensorunits
【原文标准名称】:测量和控制.电温度传感器.带有可互换传感元件的直观温度计
【标准号】:DIN43764-1986
【标准状态】:现行
【国别】:德国
【发布日期】:1986-03
【实施或试行日期】:
【发布单位】:德国标准化学会(DIN)
【起草单位】:
【标准类型】:()
【标准水平】:()
【中文主题词】:尺寸;电学测量仪器;温度传感器;电气工程;测量仪器;温度计;互换性;测头;电温度传感器;空冷功率温度计;热电偶;温度测量仪表
【英文主题词】:
【摘要】:Thisstandardappliestothermocouplethermometersandresistancethermometerswhichareused,forexample,inwastegasducts,airductsandopenchannels.#,,#
【中国标准分类号】:N11
【国际标准分类号】:2080;0370
【页数】:3P;A4
【正文语种】:德语